Saturday, October 5

List of physicochemical data concerning water

Water Properties (including heavy water data)

Property

Data

Area, surface covered

19.0 Å2 molecule-1 (monolayer [795])

9.6 - 10.2 Å2molecule-1(single molecule; calculated from dimensions)

8.84 Å2molecule-1(single molecule; basal plane of hexagonal ice)

Atmospheric content

19.66 g kg-1 (25 °C, 101.325 kPa, relative humidity = 100)

Bond energy, average at 0 K

H2O, 0.5 (H-O-H

'goes to' arrow

O+2H), 458.9 kJ mol bond -1

D2O, 0.5 (D-O-D

'goes to' arrow

O+2D), 466.4 kJ mol bond -1

Boiling point, 101.325 kPa

H2O: 100.0 °C c1 373.1243 K (99.9743 °C), see [88]

D2O: 101.42 °C [70]

T2O: 101.51 °C [745]

H217O: 100.08 °C [745]

H218O: 100.15 °C [745]

D218O: 101.54 °C [745]

HDO: 100.74 °C [745]

HTO: 100.8 °C [745]

Bulk modulus (=1/κT, isothermal elasticity)

H2O: 2.174 GPa (2.174 nN nm-2, 25 °C); 8.9 GPa (ice 1h, -20 °C, [717])

D2O: 2.100 GPa (2.100 nN nm-2, 25 °C)

CAS registry number

H2O: 7732-18-5, (H2O is also known as protium oxide)

D2O: 7789-20-0 , (D2O is also known as deuterium oxide)

T2O: 14940-65-9 , (T2O is also known as tritium oxide)

Chemical potential (μ)

see Gibbs energy of formation

Chemical potential, temperature coefficient (dμ/dT) [987]

= negative molar entropy (-S)

H2O (gas): -188.7 J mol-1 K-1 (25 °C)

H2O (liquid): -69.9 J mol-1 K-1 (25 °C)

H2O (solid): -44.8 J mol-1 K-1 (25 °C)

Chemical potential, pressure coefficient (dμ/dP) [987]

= molar volume

H2O (gas): 24460 J mol-1 MPa-1 (25 °C)

H2O (liquid): 18.07 J mol-1 MPa-1 (25 °C)

H2O (solid): 19.73 J mol-1 MPa-1 (25 °C)

Cohesive energy density

2.2973 kJ cm-3 = 2.2973 GPa (= (ΔHvap-RT)/VM) (25 °C)

Internal cohesive pressure

168 MPa (25 °C),

Change in internal energy with volume at constant temperature

(= 3.04 kJ mol-1, 25 °C) [1279]

Compressibility, adiabatic (κS)

H2O: 0.4477 GPa-1 (25 °C) [620], 0.5086 GPa-1 (0 °C)

Ice Ih: 0.1142 GPa-1 (0 °C) (IAPWS)

D2O: 0.4625 GPa-1 (25 °C) [620]

Compressibility, critical (=PcVc/RTc)

H2O: 0.2294

D2O: 0.2277

Compressibility, isothermal (κT),

κT = -(1/V)(δV/δP)T = <(ΔV)2>/(kBTV) [1373b]

H2O: 0.4599 GPa-1 (25 °C) [507]

Ice Ih: 0.1178 GPa-1 (0 °C) (IAPWS); 0.069 GPa-1 (-20 °C), [561]

gas: 10.03 MPa-1 (100 °C, 101.325 kPa) [540]

D2O: 0.4763 GPa-1 (25 °C) [507]

Compressibility, isothermal (κT), minimum

H2O: 0.4415 GPa-1 at 46.5 °C, calculated from [399]

D2O: 0.4489 GPa-1 at 49.9 °C, calculated from [1454]

Compressibility, change with pressure

-0.1152 GPa-1 (25 °C) [1599]

Conductivity, electrolytic (IAPWS)

0.05501 μS cm-1 (25 °C, [737])h, 1.2 μS cm-1 (22 °C, degassed; [711])

Ice Ih: ~0.06 μS cm-1 (-20 °C) [717] (mainly from surface defects)

Conductivity, thermal

H2O: 0.610 W m-1 K-1 (25 °C) [IAPWS]; 0.606 502 308 W m-1 K-1 (25 °C, 0.1 MPa [IAPWS] from formula)

Ice Ih: 2.4 W m-1 K-1 (-20 °C) [717]

gas: 0.025 W m-1 K-1 (100 °C, 101.325 kPa) [540]

D2O: 0.595 W m-1 K-1 (25 °C) [IAPWS]

Conductivity, thermal; maximum

H2O: 0.686 W m-1 K-1 at 133 °C, calculated from [1453]

D2O: 0.636 W m-1 K-1at 113 °C, calculated from [1453]

Critical point

H2O: 647.096 K,c1 22.064 MPa, 322 kg m-3 (IAPWS)g

D2O: 643.847 K, 21.671 MPa, 356 kg m-3 (IAPWS) g

T2O: 641.657 K, 21.385 MPa, 376 kg m-3 [830] g

Critical point, second

H2O: no generally accepted value, for example, ~217 K, ~340 MPa, ~1130 kg m-3 [419 ]; ~188 K, ~230 MPa, ~1100 kg m-3 [432 ]; ~182 K, ~195 MPa [580 ]; 145-175 K, ~200 MPa [999 ]; 223 K, ~50 MPa [1685 ]

D2O: ~-78 °C, ~230 MPa, ~1220 kg m-3 [450]; ~-86 °C, ~211 MPa [580]

Cryoscopic constant

1.8597 K kg mol-1

Density

997.05 kg m-3 (25.0 °C, 101.325 kPa) [67, 112], 997.047 013 kg m-3 (25 °C, 0.1 MPa [IAPWS] from formula)

H2O

2260 kg m-3 (liquid, ~1500 K, 57 GPa) [1218 ]

H218O

1110.64 kg m-3 (20.0 °C) [745]

HDO

1050.7 kg m-3 (25.0 °C) [1857]

D2O

1104.36 kg m-3 (25.0 °C) [620]

D218O

1216.22 kg m-3 (20.0 °C) [745]

Density of ice at melting pointa

H2O: 916.72 kg m-3 (0 °C, 101.325 kPa) (IAPWS)

D2O: 1017.5 kg m-3 (3.82 °C)

Density of liquid water at melting point [70]

H2O: 999.84 kg m-3 (0 °C, 101.325 kPa)

D2O: 1105.46 kg m-3 (3.813 °C)

Density of gas at boiling point

H2O: 0.5976 kg m-3 (100 °C, 101.325 kPa) [540]

Density maximum (and molar volume) attemperature of maximum density [67, 112]

999.97495 kg m-3e

3.984 °C

H2O

999.972 kg m-3, 29.91 Å3 mol-1

999.975 kg m-3 ( IAPWS formula)

3.984 °C

3.978 °C ( IAPWS)

D2O

1105.3 kg m-3, 30.07 Å3 mol-1

11.185 °C

T2O

1215.01 kg m-3, 30.10 Å3 mol-1

13.403 °C

H218O

1112.49 kg m-3, 29.87 Å3 mol-1

4.211 °C

D218O

1216.88 kg m-3, 30.06 Å3 mol-1

11.438 °C

Dielectric constant (more details)

H2O: 87.9 (0 °C), 78.4 (25 °C; 78.375 218 [ IAPWS] from formula at 0.1 MPa), 55.6 (100 °C) [63]

104.3 (supercooled liquid, 240 K, IAPWS)

Ice Ih: 99 (-20 °C) 171 (-120 °C) [717]

gas: 1.0059 (100 °C, 101.325 kPa) [540]

D2O: 78.06 (25 °C) [808]

D2O Ice Ih: 104 (-20 °C) [717]

Dielectric, change with pressure

37.88 GPa-1 (25 °C) [1599]

Dielectric relaxation

H2O: 9.55 x 10-12 s (20 °C) [8]

H2O Ice Ih: ~2 x 10-5 s (0 °C)

D2O: 12.3 x 10-12 s (20 °C) [8]

Diffusion coefficient

H2O: 0.2299 Å2 ps-1 (25 °C) [1933], 0.0187 Å2 ps-1 (-31 °C) [62];

6 x 10-8 Å2 ps-1 (ice 1h, -20 °C) [717]

~10-8 Å2 ps-1 (amorphous water, ~160 K) [334]

D2O: 0.2109 Å2 ps-1 (25 °C) [8]

H218O: 0.266 Å2 ps-1 [745]

HDO: 0.234 Å2 ps-1 [745]

HTO: 0.244 Å2 ps-1 [745]

Diffusivity, thermal

( =thermal conductivity/(density x specific heat) )

H2O: 14.6 Å2 ps-1 (25 °C)

Ice Ih: 84.3 Å2 ps-1 (0 °C)

D2O: 12.7 Å2 ps-1 (25 °C)

Dipole moment (average), μ z

2.95±0.2 D (liquid, 27 °C) [129], 1.85498 D (gas, 6.1875×10-30 C m) [IAPWS],

3.09 D (ice) [238]

1.8517 D (HDO gas, [IAPWS])

Displacement, root mean square

~0.07 mm s-1 [1577a]

Ebullioscopic constant

0.5129 K kg mol-1

Electron affinity [563 ]

-16 kJ mol-1 (-0.17 eV) (25 °C)l

HOMO-LUMO gap, 659 kJ mol-1 (6.83 eV) (25 °C)

Elemental composition a

Hydrogen (all isotopes), 11.1903 % w/w

Oxygen (all isotopes), 88.8097 % w/w

Energy, internal (U) [540]

1.8883 kJ mol-1 (25 °C, 101.325 kPa)

Ice Ih: -6.007 kJ mol-1 (0 °C, 101.325 kPa) (IAPWS)

gas: 45.15 kJ mol-1 (100 °C, 101.325 kPa) [540]

Enthalpy (H = U + PV) [67]

1.8909 kJ mol-1 (25 °C)

Ice Ih: -6.005 J mol-1 (0 °C, 101.325 kPa) (IAPWS)

gas: 48.20 kJ mol-1 (100 °C, 101.325 kPa) [540]

Enthalpy of formation, ΔHf, [808]

H2O: -285.85 kJ mol-1 (25 °C)

D2O: -294.6 kJ mol-1 (25 °C)

Enthalpy of vaporization (liquid)

H2O: 45.051 kJ mol-1 (0 °C) [906], 40.657 kJ mol-1 (100 °C) [61]

46.567 kJ mol-1 (240 K) [906]

D2O: 45.988 (3.82 °C), 41.521 kJ mol-1 (101.42 °C), calculated from [1453]

Enthalpy of fusion

6.00678 kJ mol-1 (0 °C, 101.325 kPa) [1385]

6.354 kJ mol-1 (81.6 °C, 2150 MPa, ice VI) [535]

H218O: 6.029 kJ mol-1 (0.31 °C) [1710]

D2O: 6.132 kJ mol-1 (3.68 °C) [2000]

D216O: 6.315 kJ mol-1 (3.82 °C) [1710]

HD16O: 6.227 kJ mol-1 (2.04 °C) [1710]

Enthalpy of sublimation (ice Ih)

51.059 kJ mol-1 (0 °C), 51.139 kJ mol-1 (240 K) [906]

Entropy (S)

63.45 J mol-1 K-1 (Absolute entropy at triple point) [869 ]

6.6177 J mol-1 K-1 (25 °C) [67]

Ice Ih: -21.99 J mol-1 K-1 (0 °C) (IAPWS)

Ice Ih: 3.408 J mol-1 K-1 (0 K) [1832] ~ RLn(3/2)

gas: 132.5 J mol-1 K-1 (100 °C, 101.325 kPa) [540]

Entropy, molar

see Chemical potential, temperature coefficient (dμ/dT)

Entropy of fusion

H2O: 22.00 J mol-1 K-1 (0 °C) [8]

D2O: 22.15 J mol-1 K-1 (3.68 °C) [2000]

Entropy of vaporization [8]

108.951 J mol-1 K-1 (100 °C)

Expansion coefficient (α),

αP = (1/V)(δV/δT)P = <(ΔV)(ΔS)>P/(kB2T) [1373b]

H2O: 0.000000 °C-1 (3.984 °C), 0.000253 °C-1 (25 °C) [68]

Ice Ih: 0.0001598 °C-1 (0 °C, 101.325 kPa) (IAPWS); 0.000053 °C-1 (-20 °C) [717]

D2O: 0.0001722 °C-1 (25 °C) [620]

Fragile to strong liquid transition

~220 K [1200]

Gas constant (R95)

461.51805 J kg-1 K-1 (IAPWS)

Gibbs energy (G = U - TS + PV), all referenced to triple point

-82.157 J mol-1 (25 °C, 101.325 kPa) [540]

Ice Ih: 1.826 J mol-1 (0 °C, 101.325 kPa) (IAPWS)

gas: -1239 J mol-1 (100 °C, 101.325 kPa) [540]

Gibbs energy of formation, ΔGf,

= Chemical potential (μ)

H2O (liquid): -237.18 kJ mol-1 (25 °C) [987]

H2O (gas): -228.59 kJ mol-1 (25 °C) [987]

H2O (solid): -236.59 kJ mol-1 (25 °C) [987]

HDO (liquid): -241.86 kJ mol-1 (25 °C) [988 ]

HDO (gas): -233.11 kJ mol-1 (25 °C) [988]

D2O (liquid): -243.44 kJ mol-1 (25 °C) [988]

D2O (gas): -234.54 kJ mol-1 (25 °C) [988]

Glass transition temperature

136 K (this has been subject to dispute [312])

Heat capacity ratio (γ=CP/CV)

H2O (gas) 1.3368 (100 °C, 101.325 kPa) [540]

Helmholtz energy (A = U - TS) [540]

-83.989 J mol-1 (25 °C, 101.325 kPa)

Ice Ih: -0.166 J mol-1 (0 °C, 101.325 kPa) (IAPWS)

gas: -4293 J mol-1 (100 °C, 101.325 kPa)

Hydrogen bond

Donor, Σα 1.17 [666]; compare CHCl3, 0.15; CH3OH, 0.43

Acceptor, Σβ; 0.47 [666]; compare (C2H5)2O, 0.41; CH3OH, 0.47

Donor number (DN), 18.0 [456]; compare CH3CN 14.1; CH3OH, 19.0

Acceptor number (AN), 54.8 [456]; compare C6H6 8.2; CH3OH, 41.3

Ionic dissociation constant,

[H+][OH-]/[H2O] (25 °C) [808]

H2O: 1.821 x 10-16 mol l-1 (25 °C) [808]

H2O Ice Ih: 3.8 x 10-22 mol l-1 (-10 °C) [1831]

D2O: 3.54 x 10-17 mol l-1 (25 °C) [808]

D2O: Ice Ih: 1.9 x 10-23 mol l-1(-10 °C) [1831]

T2O: ~1.1 x 10-17 mol l-1 (25 °C) [808]

Ionization in liquid water, ΔG (25 °C)

2H2O

'goes to' arrow

H3O+ + OH- 79.907 kJ mol-1 j

2D2O

'goes to' arrow

D 3O+ + OD- 84.88 kJ mol-1 j

Ionization potential

H2O: gas; 1216 kJ mol-1 (12.61 eV) [381a]

H2O: liquid; 1018 kJ mol-1 (10.56 eV) [381a]

H2O: ice; 1061 kJ mol-1 (11.00 eV) [381a]

D2O: 1219 kJ mol-1 (12.64 eV) [381b]

Ionization rate (25 °C)

H2O

'goes to' arrow

H+ + OH- 2.59x10-5 L mol-1 s-1

H+ + OH-

'goes to' arrow

H2O 1.43x1011 L2 mol-2 s-1

Limits of stability for liquid water

Lowest temperature, -22 °C at 207.5 MPa

Lowest pressure, 611.657 Pa at 0.01 °C

Lowest density, 0.322 g cm-3 at 373.946 °C, 22.064 MPa

Highest temperature, 373.946 °C, >22.064 MPa

Highest pressure, ~12 GPa at 373.946 °C

Highest density, ~1.7 g cm-3 at 373.946 °C, ~12 GPa

Magnetic susceptibility [670 ]

-1.64x10-10 m3 mol-1 (25 °C), -1.63x10-10 m3 mol-1 (0 °C)

Mass spectrum

H2O+ (1.0), OH+ (0.32), H+ (0.26), O+ (0.07), O2+ (0.002), H2+ (0.001) (ionization cross sections at 200 eV relative to H2O+, [1456 ])

Melting, contraction on

H2O: 1.634 cm3 mol -1

D2O: 1.567 cm3 mol -1

Melting point, 101.325 kPa [70, 88]

H2O: 0.00 °C c2, 273.152519 K (IAPWS)

D2O: 3.82 °C

T2O: 4.49 °C

H218O: 273.43 K [829 ]

Melting point, pressure coefficient

-74.293 mK MPa-1 (0 °C) [1385]

Molality b

H2O: 55.508472 mol kg -1

D2O: 49.931324 mol kg -1

Molar concentration b

H2O: 55.345 mol L-1 (25 °C)

HOD: 55.244 mol L-1 (25 °C, but maximum possible is 27.3 mol L-1) [1857]

D2O: 55.142 mol L-1 (25 °C)

Molar isotopic composition a, m

H	1.007 825 032 07 g mol-1
D	2.014 101 777 85 g mol-1
T	3.016 049 2777 g mol-1
16O	15.994 914 619 56 g mol-1
17O	16.999 131 50 g mol-1
18O	17.999 1604 g mol-1

Molar masses may be calculated

H216O

99.7317 %

18.01056469 g mol-1

H217O

0.0372 %

19.01478156 g mol-1

H218O

0.199983 %

20.0148105 g mol-1

HD16O

0.031069 %

19.01684143 g mol-1

HD17O

0.0000116 %

20.02105831 g mol-1

HD18O

0.0000623 %

21.0210872 g mol-1

D216O

0.0000026 %

20.02311818 g mol-1

HT16O

variable trace f

20.01878892 g mol-1

T216O

0 %

22.02701316 g mol-1

Molar mass b

H2O: 18.015268 g mol-1

D2O: 20.027508 g mol-1

Molar volume (gas, STP)

0.022199 m3 mol-1 (0 °C, 101.325 kPa)

Molecular dimensions

O-H bond length (liquid, ab initio), 0.991 Å [90]

O-H bond length (liquid, by diffraction) 0.990 Å [1884]

O-H bond length (solid ice Ih, -20 °C) , 0.985 Å [717]

H-O-H bond angle (liquid, ab initio), 105.5° [90]

H-O-H bond angle (solid ice Ih, -20 °C), 106.6°±1.5° [717]

O-H bond dissociation energy, 492.2148 kJ mol-1 [350]

O-D bond length (liquid), 0.970 Å [91], 0.985 Å [1884]

D-O-D bond angle (liquid), 106° [91]

Molecular mass

H2O: b 2.9915051 x 10-23 g molecule-1

H216O: 2.9907243 x 10-23 g molecule-1

D216O: 3.3249166 x 10-23 g molecule-1

Moment of inertia (axes through centers of mass)

H2O: 1.0220 x 10-40 g cm2 x; 2.9376 x 10-40 g cm2 y; 1.9187 x 10-40 g cm2 z [8]

HDO: 1.2092 x 10-40 g cm2 x; 4.2715 x 10-40 g cm2 y; 3.0654 x 10-40 g cm2 z [8] (z and x axes rotated around y axis by 21.09°)

D2O: 1.8384 x 10-40 g cm2 x; 5.6698 x 10-40 g cm2 y; 3.8340 x 10-40 g cm2 z [8]

NMR chemical shift, proton

H2O liquid: 4.82 ppm

H2O ice: ~7 ppm

H2O gas: 0.56 ppm, relative to methane [850]

4.766 ppm for HDO in D2O (25 °C, a triplet [609]; relative to sodium 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulfonate, DSS)

NMR chemical shift, 17O

H2O liquid: 287.5 ppm (300 K, relative to O8+) [886 ]

H2O gas: 323.6 ppm (300 K, relative to O8+) [886]

D 2O liquid: 3.08 ppm (relative to H2O)

Nuclear shielding constants (27 °C), [740]

1H σ(l) 25.79 ppm (44.0 ppm parallel to O—H bond; 16.6 ppm perpendicular to O—H bond, [430]); gas to liquid shift, δ = σ(l) - σ(g) = -4.26 ppm

17O σ(l) 287.5 ppm; gas to liquid shift, δ = σ(l) - σ(g) = -36.1 ppm

Octupole moment, 25 °C [452 ]

-1.754 D Å2 xxz; -0.554 D Å2 yyz; -1.981 D Å2 zzz

Octupole moment, (alternative)

linear (Ω0) -1.34 D Å2; cubic (Ω2) 1.15 D Å2; SSDQO1 [1731 ]Ω

Optical permittivity (ε∞) [296 K, 1563]

H2O: 2.34

H218O: 2.28

D2O: 2.29

Other systematic names for water

Oxidane (IUPAC)

Packing density (volume, O···O 2.82Å, 4 °C)

0.3925

D2O: 7.43 (25 °C) (based on [70])

pHD

HDO: 7.266 (25 °C)

H2O: 6.9976 (25 °C; [H3O]+=[OH]- = 1.0054x10-7 mol L-1; [IAPWS])

Piezoscopic constant (= R/Vm)

H2O: 0.4602 MPa K-1 (25 °C)

D2O: 0.4585 MPa K-1(25 °C)

T2O: 0.4580 MPa K-1 (25 °C)

pKa

H2O: 15.738 (25 °C) [IAPWS]

D2O: 16.610 (25 °C) (based on [70])

pKw

H2O: 13.995 (25 °C) [IAPWS]

D2O: 14.87 (25 °C) [70]

Polarity/dipolarity, π [666]

1.09

Polarizability, ( polarizability = polarizability volume x 4 x pi x vacuum permittivity) )

1.62x10-40 F m2

Polarizability volume ,

polarizability volume = polarizability/(4 x pi x vacuum permittivity)

1.470 Å3; 1.5284 Å3 x; 1.4146 Å3 y; 1.4679Å3 z [736]

1.457 Å3 (electronic), 0.037 Å3 (static) [IAPWS]

Prandtl Number

(= kinematic viscosity / thermal diffusivity)

H2O: 6.12 (25 °C)

D2O: 7.81 (25 °C)

Quadrupole moment, Q, 25 °C

-4.27 D Å xx; -7.99 D Å yy; -5.94 D Å zz (calc., liquid H2O [453])

Quadrupole moment (alternative)

linear (Θ0) 0.28 D Å; square (Θ2) 2.13 D Å; SSDQO1 [1731 ]Ω

Redox: water oxidation

Redox: water reduction

2H2O

'goes to' arrow

O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e- -E° = -1.229 V (25 °C, pH 0)

2H2O + 2e-

'goes to' arrow

H 2(g) + 2OH- E° = -0.8277 V (25 °C, pH 14)

Refractive index

H2O: 1.33286 (25 °C, λ = 589.26 nm) [310]

Ice Ih: ηO 1.3091; ηE 1.3105 (-3.6 °C, λ = 589 nm) [717]

D2O:1.32828 (20 °C, λ = 589 nm) [795]

Refractive index, real n and imaginary partsk

H2O: n 1.306169; k 0.300352153 (25 °C, v, 3404.795 cm-1) [942]

D2O: n 1.342528; k 0.279696327 (25 °C, v, 2503.923 cm-1) [942]

Resistance, electrical

18.18 MΩ cm (25 °C, ultrapure water [737])h, 0.8 MΩ cm (22 °C, degassed; [711])

Shear modulus (adiabatic elasticity)

H2O: 2.44 GPa (2.44 nN nm-2, 25 °C) [1326 ]

D2O: 2.50 GPa (2.50 nN nm-2, 25 °C) [1326]

Specific heat capacity,

CP = (δH/δT)P = T(δS/δT)P = <(ΔS)2>/kB[1373b]

H2O: 75.338 J mol-1 K-1; 4.1819 kJ kg-1 K-1, 4.1696 MJ m-3 K-1 (25 °C, 101.325 kPa, calculated from [1154 ]), 4.181 446 18 kJ kg-1 K-1 (25 °C, 0.1 MPa [IAPWS] from formula)

H2O: 89.22 J mol-1 K-1 (240 K) [906]

Ice Ih: 37.77 J mol-1 K-1 (0 °C) (IAPWS), 22.10 J mol-1 K-1 (150 K) [906]

gas: 37.47 J mol-1 K-1 (100 °C, 101.325 kPa) [540]

D2O: 84.67 J mol-1 K-1 ; 4.228 kJ kg-1 K-1, 4.669 MJ m-3 K-1 (25 °C, calculated from [620])

Specific heat capacity minimum, CP,min

H2O: 75.27 J mol-1 K-1 at 36 °C, calculated from [1453]

D2O: 82.58 J mol-1 K-1 at 61 °C, calculated from [2000]

Specific heat capacity, Cv = (∂U/∂T)v

H2O: 74.539 J mol-1 K-1 (25 °C) [67]

gas: 28.03 J mol-1 K-1 (100 °C, 101.325 kPa) [540]

D2O: 84.42 J mol-1 K-1 (25 °C) [620]

Speed of sound

H2O: 1496.7 m s-1 (25 °C) [620], 1496.699 22 m s-1 (25 °C, 0.1 MPa [IAPWS] from formula); 'fast' sound ~3200 m s-1 [1151]

Ice Ih: 3837.9 m s-1 (0 °C) [1812]

gas: 472.2 m s-1 (100 °C, 101.325 kPa) [540]

D2O: 1399.2 m s-1 (25 °C)

Speed of sound, maximum

H2O: 1555.4 m s-1 at 74.0 °C, calculated from [921]

D2O: 1461.0 m s-1 at 75.6 °C, calculated from [1454]

Standard state of water

unity (exactly, as pure solvent); unit molal (as solute)

Surface entropy (= -dγ/dT)

H2O: 0.1542 mJ m-2 K-1 (25 °C) (calculated from IAPWS)

Surface enthalpy (surface energy)

H2O: 0.1179 J m-2 (25 °C) (= γ -T dγ/dT; calculated from IAPWS)

Surface tension (change with pressure)

Change in surface tension with pressure=change in volume on change in surface area

H2O: 6.96 Å (25 °C) (calculated from [1279] and IAPWS)

Surface tension ( Surface tension =change in free energy per change in surface area at constat temperature and pressure )

H2O: 0.07198 N m-1(25 °C; 0.07198 J m-2) [IAPWS]

HDO: 0.07193 N m-1 (25 °C; 0.07193 J m-2)

D2O: 0.07187 N m-1 (25 °C; 0.07187 J m-2) [IAPWS]

Triple point

H2O: 0.01 °C exactly (273.16 K exactly) by definitiond for VSMOWa, 611.657 Pa, 0.99978 g cm-3 [536]

Isotopically pure 1H216O: 0.0087 °C [565]

D2O: 3.80 °C, 660.096 Pa, 1.1056 g cm-3 [IAPWS]

H217O: 0.21 °C [745]

H218O: 0.31 °C [717]

D216O: 3.82 °C [1710]

D218O: 4.13 °C [745]

HD16O: 2.04 °C [1710]

HTO: 2.4 °C [745]

T2O: 4.49 °C [716], 662.9 Pa [830]

Vapor pressure

H2O: 3.165 kPa (25 °C) [808]; 611.657 Pa (273.16 K, M.Pt.) [906]

H2O: 37.667 Pa (240 K) [906]

Ice Ih: 611.657 Pa (273.16 K), 27.272 Pa (240 K) [906]

D2O: 2.734 kPa (25 °C) [808]; 659.893 Pa (276.95 K, M.Pt.) [1790]

T2O: 2.639 kPa (25 °C) [808]; 662.388 Pa (277.64 K, M.Pt.) [1790]

Velocity, root mean square

~640 m s-1 [1577a]

Viscosity, dynamic

H2O: 0.8909 mPa s (25 °C, 101.325 kPa) [IAPWS], 0.889 996 774 mPa s (25 °C, 0.1 MPa [IAPWS] from formula); 1.0016 mPa s (20 °C, 101.325 kPa) [745]

gas: 0.0123 mPa s (100 °C, 101.325 kPa) [540]

D2O: 1.095 mPa s (25 °C) [IAPWS]; 1.2467 mPa s (20 °C) [745]

H218O: 1.0564 mPa s (20 °C) [745]

D218O: 1.3050 mPa s (20 °C) [745]

HDO: 1.1248 mPa s (20 °C) [745]

T2O: 1.40 mPa s (estimated, 20 °C) [73]

Viscosity, kinematic

H2O: 0.008935 stoke; 0.8935 x 10-6 m2 s-1 (25 °C)

D2O: 0.009915 stoke; 0.9915 x 10-6 m2 s-1 (25 °C)

Viscosity, bulk (volume viscosity)

2.47 mPa s (25 °C) [1703]

Viscosity, temperature coefficient

0.0199 mPa s K -1 (25 °C) [304]

Van der Waals gas constants [70] k

a = 0.5536 Pa (m3 mol-1)2

b = 3.049 x 10-5 m3 mol-1

Volume, molar, 101.325 kPa,

H2O: 18.0182 cm3 (0 °C) 18.0685 cm3 (25 °C) [1006]; 19.66 cm3 (iceIh, 0 °C); 0.030143 m3 (gas, 100 °C)

H2O: 50.6 Å3 molecule-1 from the van der Waals gas 'b' constant

H217O: 18.0556 cm3 (25 °C) [1006]

H218O: 18.0428 cm3 (25 °C) [1006]

HDO: 18.101 cm3 (25 °C) [1857]

D2O: 18.1331 cm3 (25 °C) [1006]

D217O: 18.1297 cm3 (25 °C) [1006]

D218O: 18.1263 cm3 (25 °C) [1006]

T2O: 18.1549 cm3 (25 °C) [1006]

Volume, intrinsic H2O

11.01 Å3

Volume, molecular H2O at 101.325 kPa

29.92 Å3 (0 °C ); 32.53 Å3 (ice Ih, -20 °C, [717]); 50.05 nm3 (gas, 100 °C)

Volume, van der Waals

14.6 Å3 molecule-1 (liquid)

Zero point energy (calculated from gaseous vibrations) [8]

H2O: 55.44 kJ mol-1

HDO: 48.24 kJ mol-1

D2O: 40.54 kJ mol-1

Phase diagram of water (H2O) showing the triple point

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List of physicochemical data concerning water

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